Design must take into account not only manufacturing processes but also the ease of assembly for the OEM. During the pilot production phase for a new automotive model, frequent assembly difficulties arose with the air conditioning refrigeration piping, resulting in substantial costs for subsequent design modifications. By incorporating concurrent engineering into the final assembly process, virtua...

Automotive air conditioning refrigerant hoses are the core flexible fluid-transfer components within the vehicle’s air conditioning refrigeration circuit. Specifically, they refer to specialised hose assemblies manufactured using a multi-layer composite structure, designed to transfer refrigerant and associated refrigeration oil in a sealed manner between key components of the vehicle’s air condit...

Through continuous development, the automotive industry has evolved into an integrated sector characterised by long production cycles, a high degree of coordination and large-scale manufacturing, and is heavily reliant on the automotive parts supply chain. A single car comprises as many as ten thousand components, which are supplied to vehicle manufacturers by suppliers at various levels of the up...